Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Bava Metzia 4:2

כֵּיצַד. מָשַׁךְ הֵימֶנּוּ פֵרוֹת וְלֹא נָתַן לוֹ מָעוֹת, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזֹר בּוֹ. נָתַן לוֹ מָעוֹת וְלֹא מָשַׁךְ הֵימֶנּוּ פֵרוֹת, יָכוֹל לַחֲזֹר בּוֹ. אֲבָל אָמְרוּ, מִי שֶׁפָּרַע מֵאַנְשֵׁי דוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וּמִדּוֹר הַפַּלָּגָה, הוּא עָתִיד לְהִפָּרַע מִמִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד בְּדִבּוּרוֹ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, כָּל שֶׁהַכֶּסֶף בְּיָדוֹ, יָדוֹ עַל הָעֶלְיוֹנָה:

Comment? S'il (l'acheteur) lui a retiré des fruits et n'a pas donné d'argent, il ne peut pas reculer. S'il lui a donné de l'argent et ne lui a pas tiré de fruits, il [c'est-à-dire chacun] peut se retirer. [Ceci est une ordonnance des sages. Car par la loi de la Torah, l'argent effectue l'acquisition, comme nous le trouvons à propos du hekdesh (propriété consacrée): "Et il donnera l'argent et ce sera à lui." (voir Lévitique 27:19). Et pourquoi ont-ils dit que tirer des effets d'acquisition, mais pas d'argent? Un décret, de peur que l'acheteur ne laisse longtemps son achat dans la maison du vendeur, et un incendie ne se déclare à proximité du vendeur, et il ne parvient pas à le sauver. Par conséquent, il a été placé dans son (domaine du vendeur), pour se retirer de la vente s'il le souhaite. De sorte que s'il prend de la valeur, il le fait dans son domaine, et il peut se retirer de la vente et y gagner. Cela étant considéré comme le sien, il s’efforcera de le sauver.] Mais ils dirent: «Celui qui a exigé le châtiment des hommes de la génération du déluge et de la génération de la tour de Babel— Il est destiné à exiger le châtiment de celui qui ne tient pas sa parole. "[Même s'il peut reculer, (s'il le fait), il est maudit en beth-din et dit:" Celui qui a exigé le châtiment de la génération des inondation, et la génération de la tour de Babel, et les hommes de Sodome et d'Amora, et des Égyptiens, qui se sont noyés dans la mer —Il est destiné à punir celui qui ne tient pas sa parole ", après quoi il (le vendeur) rend son argent.] R. Shimon dit: Celui qui détient l'argent a le dessus. [R. Shimon se réfère ici à la mots du premier tanna, à savoir: "S'il lui a donné de l'argent et ne lui a pas retiré de fruits, il (le vendeur ou l'acheteur) peut reculer." R. Shimon vient nous dire que parfois celui qui détient l'argent (c'est-à-dire le vendeur, qui a reçu l'argent) a le dessus, et il peut confirmer la vente s'il le souhaite, sans que l'acheteur puisse se retirer. Comme dans le cas où l'étage supérieur de l'acheteur est loué à le vendeur, auquel cas, si le vendeur souhaite que la vente soit confirmée, l’acheteur ne peut pas revenir en arrière, même s’il n’a pas retiré l’argent. Pourquoi les rabbins ont-ils dit que le tirage a pour effet d’acquérir? à l'acheteur: "Votre grain a été brûlé dans l'étage supérieur." Mais ici, là où l'étage supérieur appartient à l'acheteur, si un incendie se déclare, il h imself va s'exercer et le récupérer. La halakha n'est pas conforme à R. Shimon. Mais même si l'étage supérieur de l'acheteur est loué au vendeur, tant qu'il ne l'a pas retiré, l'acheteur et le vendeur peuvent se retirer.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

נתן לו מעות ולא משך ממנו פירות יכול לחזור בו – [both] this one and that one. And it is an ordinance of the Sages, for according to the Written Torah, money does acquire, as we found concerning property dedicated to the Temple, as it is written (Leviticus 27:19): “[and he shall give the money] and it shall pass to him.” And what is the reason that they said that pulling/drawing towards one’s self acquires and not money? It is a decree lest the purchaser leave his acquisition in the seller’s house for long time and a fire spreads in the seller’s neighborhood and he would not be troubled to do what was required to save [what he sold]. Therefore, they placed them in his permission to retract from it (i.e., the sale) if he desired, for since if they increased in value while in his possession, it would increase [in value] and he would retract from the sale and the profit would be his. It is considered by them to be his and he would go to the trouble to save [it].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia

How is this so? If [the buyer] drew the produce away from [the seller] but did not give over the money, he cannot retract. If [the buyer] gave the money but did not draw the produce away from [the seller], he can retract. (1) But they said: “He that exacted punishment from the generation of the flood and the generation of the dispersion (at the time of the Tower of will exact punishment from one who does not keep by his word.
Rabbi Shimon says: “He that has the money has the upper hand.”

The examples given in section one demonstrate the rules learned in the previous mishnah. For instance if Shimon is selling produce to Reuven and Reuven takes the produce into his possession but Reuven does not pay the money, neither of them can retract. Even if for example the price should go way down, Reuven still owes Shimon the money that was agreed upon at the time of the sale. If, however, Reuven paid Shimon and Shimon did not give him the produce, either can retract the sale. If, for instance, the price of the produce should go up, Shimon can renegotiate the sale. However, the mishnah adds that although reneging is legal, God will eventually punish those who do not keep their word.
Rabbi Shimon disagrees with part of the opinion in section one. According to Rabbi Shimon the one who holds the money, i.e. the seller, can change his mind until the buyer draws the produce to him. The buyer may not, however, change his mind once he has paid the money. According to the previous opinion (section one) if the produce had not been given over to the buyer, either the buyer or seller could change their mind.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

אבל אמרו מי שפרע וכו' – even though he is able to retract from [the sale]. We curse him in the Jewish court and say about him: He who punished the men of the generation of the Flood and from the generation which witnessed the separation of races (i.e., the Tower of Babel) and from the men of Sodom and Gomorrah and from the Egyptians who drowned in the sea, he will punish him who does not stand by his word (although the court cannot compel him – see Tosefta Bava Metzia 3:14; Talmud Bava Metzia 47b), and afterward he returns to him his money.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

רבי שמעון אומר: כל שהכסף בידו ידו על העליונה – Rabbi Shimon is referring to the matter of the First Tanna/teacher [of our Mishnah] who said: “he gave him money, but [the other] did not draw from him towards himself the merchandise – may retract,” whether it is the seller or the purchaser, and Rabbi Shimon comes to say that sometimes the person who has the money in his hand, the seller, who received the money, has the upper hand, and it is in hand to uphold the sale if he wants, but the purchaser cannot retract in it, such as [for example], the attic of the purchaser was lent to the seller, for now if the seller wishes that the sale is upheld, the purchaser cannot retract, even though he has not pulled the object towards himself. And what is the reason why the Rabbis have stated that “pulling” acquires and not money? It is a decree lest the seller will say to the purchaser: “your wheat has burned in the attic;” here where it is the attic of the purchaser, if a fire broke out , he would trouble himself and bring it (i.e., the wheat). But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon, but rather, even though the attic of the purchaser has been lent to the seller, all the while that he has not drawn [the wheat] towards himself, he can retract, whether he is the purchaser or the seller.
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